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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| 3100 BC |
| | | The invention of writing marks the transition, in academic terms, from prehistory to history | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The lever is in use in both Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The earliest known currency, consisting of gold bars, is in use in Egypt and Mespotamia | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| c. 1630 BC |
| | | The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century | |
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| c. 1275 BC |
| | | An indecisve battle between the Hittites and the Egyptians, at Kadesh, stabilizes the frontier between the two empires | |
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| c. 1200 BC |
| | | Mysterious raiders from the sea cause chaos throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from Greece to Palestine and Egypt | |
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| 612 BC |
| | | The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt | |
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